The major class of medication used to treat anxiety and panic disorders is called benzodiazepine sedative hypnotic anxiolytics. Benzodiazepines are medications that work on the central nervous system (by enhancing the inhibitory effects of GABA) and are used as sedatives (calming effect), hypnotics (sleep aid), and anxiolytics (relieves anxiety).
Benzodiazepines are not for everyday stress and anxiety; they are prescribed for chronic and/or debilitating anxiety, panic disorders, and post-traumatic stress. Because the risk of dependence is high, many doctors prescribe for the short-term only. Not every patient is an ideal candidate for these drugs; those with alcohol or drug dependence have a very high risk of becoming dependent on benzodiazepines. The elderly and others at risk for falls are also at risk because the medications may cause dizziness and impaired cognitive ability.
Commonly Prescribed Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines are the first-line treatment for generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder. These medications are also used for the following conditions:
- alcohol withdrawal symptoms
- insomnia
- seizure disorders
- muscle spasms
- induction of anesthesia
Side Effects of Benzodiazepines
Common Side Effects - Dizziness, drowsiness, lethargy, antegrade amnesia (difficulty recalling events after taking medication), disorientation, confusion, and disinhibition.
Dependence - occurs less frequently with short-term use. Long-term users must taper off the drug gradually over several weeks to prevent severe withdrawal symptoms, including anxiety, tremors, profuse sweating, and seizures. Benzodiazepines are classified as a Schedule IV drug.
Long-term users must not stop taking these medications abruptly. Patients must slowly and gradually taper their dose in a prescribed manner in order to prevent severe withdrawal symptoms including seizures.
Central nervous system depression - CNS depression symptoms include sedation, lightheadedness, and decreased cognitive function.
Toxicity - Symptoms of overdose include marked drowsiness, lethargy, and confusion. Gastric lavage (stomach pumping) is often performed in the case of an overdose followed by the administration of activated charcoal. Flumazenil may be administered intravenously as an antidote to counteract the effects of benzodiapine toxicity.
Mixing benzodiazepines with alcohol or other depressants can be deadly! Respiratory depression is increased when other depressants are used simultaneously.
Paradoxical Reactions - Side effect that is opposite of what is expected: insomnia, anxiety, and rage.
May cause paranoid and suicidal ideation.
JAN
2018